“汽車行業(yè)是工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備應(yīng)用最早、應(yīng)用數(shù)量最多、應(yīng)用能力最強(qiáng)的行業(yè)?!币怨I(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備為代表的自動(dòng)化水平的提升,促進(jìn)了汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。
汽 車行業(yè)是工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備應(yīng)用最早、應(yīng)用數(shù)量最多、應(yīng)用能力最強(qiáng)的行業(yè)?!彪S著合資品牌汽車生產(chǎn)線的不斷引進(jìn),我國(guó)已經(jīng)達(dá)到了年產(chǎn)2000萬(wàn)臺(tái)乘用車的生產(chǎn)能力。與幾十年前相比,汽車產(chǎn)能增加了數(shù)百倍,但產(chǎn)業(yè)工人的數(shù)量卻變化不大,說(shuō)明了以工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備為代表的自動(dòng)化水平的提升,促進(jìn)了汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外汽車行業(yè)應(yīng)用工業(yè)機(jī)器人的情況類似。從國(guó)際機(jī)器人聯(lián)合會(huì)的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)看,截止到2014年底,全球汽車行業(yè)仍為工業(yè)機(jī)器人應(yīng)用最多的領(lǐng)域,在日本、德國(guó)和美國(guó)等機(jī)器人應(yīng)用較多的國(guó)家,汽車行業(yè)工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備數(shù)量是其他行業(yè)的7倍。
中國(guó)汽車行業(yè)中合資企業(yè)占據(jù)了絕大多數(shù)市場(chǎng)份額,從建廠之初到生產(chǎn)方式再到經(jīng)營(yíng)管理基本都是學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外車企的模式,在工業(yè)機(jī)器人應(yīng)用方面舍得投入,國(guó)內(nèi)外差距不是特別大,總體看國(guó)內(nèi)汽車行業(yè)自動(dòng)化水平是很高的。
機(jī)器人和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)讓汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)“如虎添翼”。全世界有超過(guò)50%的工業(yè)機(jī)器人應(yīng)用在汽車行業(yè)。焊接和噴漆是最早應(yīng)用機(jī)器人實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化的,隨后,在裝配、搬運(yùn)、監(jiān)測(cè)以及機(jī)器人零部件生產(chǎn)等方面都引進(jìn)了機(jī)器人技術(shù)。
工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備推動(dòng)了汽車行業(yè)的加速發(fā)展,主要體現(xiàn)在實(shí)現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)量,大幅提高汽車整車和零部件的質(zhì)量和均一性,提高整車裝配技術(shù)水平和質(zhì)量,替代人工完成很多高強(qiáng)度高污染及惡劣環(huán)境的工作,節(jié)省人工和管理成本,實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)鏈信息化智能化,提升企業(yè)總體效益等等。
為何工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備技術(shù)在汽車行業(yè)應(yīng)用最普遍?相比其他行業(yè),汽車業(yè)對(duì)產(chǎn)品尺寸、質(zhì)量、精度和組裝的要求比較高,需要高質(zhì)量、大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)并替代人工重復(fù)勞動(dòng)?;谕瑯拥脑颍娮訕I(yè)應(yīng)用機(jī)器人也非常普遍。同時(shí),目前生物醫(yī)藥、食品等領(lǐng)域的工業(yè)機(jī)器人應(yīng)用也越來(lái)越多?!芭c其說(shuō)是汽車領(lǐng)域最普遍和最成功地應(yīng)用了工業(yè)機(jī)器人,倒不如說(shuō)是汽車領(lǐng)域牽引了工業(yè)機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展?!敝饕蚴瞧嚿a(chǎn)的流水化作業(yè)適合機(jī)器人的導(dǎo)入;汽車企業(yè)資金雄厚,其焊接、噴涂等工藝適合采用機(jī)器人提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量并最終降低成本;汽車企業(yè)技術(shù)力量強(qiáng),能夠使用好機(jī)器人這種復(fù)雜的自動(dòng)化產(chǎn)品并不斷提出新的技術(shù)需求。
然而在汽車業(yè),中外應(yīng)用工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備的差距依然存在。最突出的一點(diǎn)是,從產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈來(lái)看,雖然國(guó)內(nèi)車企工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備應(yīng)用水平較高,但其配套的零部件供應(yīng)商的應(yīng)用水平就要低得多。而國(guó)外先進(jìn)國(guó)家是汽車全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備應(yīng)用水平都高,零部件供應(yīng)商和車企本身的差距不明顯。
機(jī)器人密度也有差距。業(yè)界經(jīng)常用產(chǎn)業(yè)中的每萬(wàn)名產(chǎn)業(yè)工人對(duì)應(yīng)的機(jī)器人應(yīng)用臺(tái)數(shù)來(lái)衡量自動(dòng)化水平。國(guó)內(nèi)汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)在200臺(tái)以下,而歐美等世界先進(jìn)國(guó)家都在1000臺(tái)以上。從這個(gè)數(shù)字來(lái)看,中外仍然存在較大差距。
如何繼續(xù)用好機(jī)器人和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)來(lái)提升我國(guó)汽車業(yè)發(fā)展水平?首先,要進(jìn)一步提高工業(yè)機(jī)器人、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備在汽車及零部件、原材料生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用程度,提高其技術(shù)水平,向包含零部件、原材料供應(yīng)商、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)物流等全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的自動(dòng)化智能化生產(chǎn)方向推進(jìn)。在全行業(yè)加速推進(jìn)智能制造生產(chǎn)方式的應(yīng)用。
其次,要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新經(jīng)營(yíng)管理模式,對(duì)采購(gòu)、生產(chǎn)、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、物流等環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行物聯(lián)網(wǎng)改造,全面應(yīng)用智能化管理系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)柔性化,使企業(yè)效率最大化。打破傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)—總經(jīng)銷—區(qū)域經(jīng)銷—分銷商的多層級(jí)銷售方式,結(jié)合互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、金融等手段,創(chuàng)新銷售模式和品牌塑造。發(fā)展個(gè)性化定制生產(chǎn)及相關(guān)的售前、售中、售后服務(wù),充分認(rèn)識(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)后裝市場(chǎng)和零部件市場(chǎng)的重要性。
The automotive industry was the earliest adopter of industrial robots and automation equipment, with the largest number of applications and the most advanced application capabilities. Improvements in automation represented by industrial robots and automation equipment have greatly promoted the development of the automotive industry.
The automotive industry was the earliest adopter of industrial robots and automation equipment, with the largest application volume and strongest application capabilities. With the continuous introduction of production lines from joint-venture automakers, China has achieved an annual production capacity of 20 million passenger vehicles. Compared with several decades ago, automotive production capacity has increased hundreds of times, while the number of industrial workers has changed little. This shows that the improvement of automation driven by industrial robots and automation equipment has boosted the development of the automotive industry.
At present, the application of industrial robots in the automotive industry is similar both domestically and internationally. According to data from the International Federation of Robotics (IFR), by the end of 2014, the global automotive industry remained the largest user of industrial robots. In countries with high robot penetration such as Japan, Germany, and the United States, the number of industrial robots and automation equipment in the automotive sector is seven times that of other industries.
Joint ventures hold the majority of market share in China’s automotive industry. From factory construction to production methods and management, Chinese automakers have largely followed foreign models. They invest heavily in industrial robots, so the gap between domestic and foreign levels is not significant. Overall, the automation level of China’s automotive industry is relatively high.
Robotics and automation technology have empowered the automotive industry to achieve greater success. More than 50% of the world’s industrial robots are used in the automotive sector. Welding and painting were the first processes automated by robots. Later, robot technology was introduced in assembly, handling, inspection, and the production of robot components.
Industrial robots and automation equipment have accelerated the development of the automotive industry, mainly by:
achieving high-volume production;
greatly improving the quality and consistency of complete vehicles and components;
enhancing assembly technology and quality;
replacing human labor in high-intensity, high-pollution, and harsh working environments;
reducing labor and management costs;
realizing informatization and intelligence in production and supply chains;
and improving overall corporate efficiency.
Why are industrial robots and automation most widely used in the automotive industry?
Compared with other industries, the automotive sector has strict requirements for product dimensions, quality, precision, and assembly. It demands high-quality, large-scale production and the replacement of repetitive manual labor. For similar reasons, robotics are also widely applied in the electronics industry. Meanwhile, the use of industrial robots in biomedicine, food, and other fields is growing rapidly.
Rather than saying that the automotive industry has achieved the most extensive and successful application of industrial robots, it is more accurate to state that the automotive sector has driven the development of robot technology.
The main reasons are:
automotive assembly lines are highly suitable for robot integration;
automotive enterprises have strong financial strength;
processes such as welding and painting benefit greatly from robots to improve quality and reduce costs;
automakers possess strong technical capabilities to operate complex automation equipment and continuously propose new technical requirements.
However, gaps still exist between China and developed countries in the application of industrial robots and automation in the automotive industry.
The most prominent difference lies in the industrial chain: although large domestic automakers have a high level of robot application, their supporting component suppliers are far less automated. In advanced foreign countries, automation is high across the entire automotive industrial chain, with little gap between automakers and component suppliers.
There is also a gap in robot density — a measure of robots per 10,000 workers. In China’s automotive industry, robot density is below 200 units, while in advanced economies such as Europe and the United States, it exceeds 1,000 units. This figure reflects a considerable gap between China and developed nations.
How can China further utilize robotics and automation to upgrade its automotive industry?
First, expand the application of industrial robots and automation equipment in vehicle manufacturing, components, and raw material production. Improve technical performance and promote intelligent automation across the entire industrial chain, including suppliers, warehousing, and logistics. Accelerate the adoption of intelligent manufacturing throughout the industry.
Second, innovate operation and management models. Upgrade procurement, production, warehousing, and logistics with Internet of Things technology and implement intelligent management systems to achieve flexible production and maximize efficiency.
Break the traditional multi-tiered distribution model and innovate sales and brand-building strategies by integrating the internet and finance. Develop customized production and comprehensive pre-sales, in-sales, and after-sales services, while emphasizing the importance of the aftermarket and components market.
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